"Arcturus offers a sneak peek into the Sun’s future. Once a young yellow dwarf, it’s now a geriatric 7.1-billion-year-old red giant. The star’s mass hasn’t changed much, but its girth is 25 times bigger. The surface is brighter than the Sun, but cooler."
How does a dwarf swell into a giant? The core of Arcturus fuses helium into carbon, pushing hydrogen into a growing outer shell. Some hydrogen is fusing into heavier helium, adding to the core, but the rest rapidly expands, cools, and sheds into space on solar winds.
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Helium Flash
When the core has enough heat and pressure, it ignites in a helium flash. This inner explosion happens in minutes as helium rapidly fuses into carbon. A giant star doesn’t have the mass to fuse carbon, so it collapses, dies, and sheds matter, forming a planetary nebula.
Dwarf to Giant
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They Can’t Be Giants
Not all dwarfs become giants. The cutoff is at about .4 solar masses, the amount needed to fuse helium. Unlike Arcturus, a lightweight star like Proxima Centauri (.12 solar masses) will leave the main sequence and begin a very long, slow decline into a white dwarf.
Arcturus Rank 3
Planet Eaters
The volatility of late-stage stars puts planets in peril. The Sun will swell into an Arcturus-like red giant in 5 billion years, swallowing Mercury, Venus, and then Earth. In 2023, for the first time, a telescope imaged a distant star eating its own Jupiter-like planet.
Arcturus Rank 6
Trivia[]
A photo of Arcturus
Arcturus (α Böotis) is a red giant of spectral type K1.5 III Fe−0.5. This star lies on the northern constellation of Böotes, and is the fourth brightest star in the entire night sky. It is also the brightest star in the northern sky.